Laravel E-Learning Part 3: Desain Skema Database

Rebuild Laravel E-Learning

Part 1: Pengenalan & Mengapa Saya Upgrade

Part 2: Setup Laravel 12 + Filament

Part 3: Desain Skema Database

Part 4: Autentikasi & Role User

Part 5: Membangun Sistem Ujian

Part 6: Fitur Real-Time

Part 7: Strategi Testing

Part 8: Deployment

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10 Maret 2026

🇮🇩 Bahasa Indonesia

Laravel E-Learning Part 3: Desain Skema Database

Mendesain skema database yang robust untuk platform e-learning dengan users, mata pelajaran, ujian, soal, dan hasil menggunakan Laravel migrations.

4 min read

Gambaran Entity Relationship

Sebelum menulis kode, mari pahami model data kita:

Entity Relationship Diagram

E-Learning Database ERD

Gambaran Tabel

Tabel	Deskripsi	Relasi Utama
users	Semua user (Admin, Guru, Siswa)	Punya role via Spatie
subjects	Mata pelajaran (Matematika, Fisika, dll.)	Milik Guru
exams	Ujian/test individual	Milik Subject, punya banyak Question
questions	Soal ujian	Milik Exam
exam_attempts	Sesi ujian siswa	Milik Exam dan Student
answers	Jawaban siswa	Milik ExamAttempt dan Question

Relasi Laravel Eloquent

Model	Relasi	Model Terkait
User (Guru)	`hasMany`	Subject
Subject	`belongsTo`	User
Subject	`hasMany`	Exam
Exam	`belongsTo`	Subject
Exam	`hasMany`	Question
Exam	`hasMany`	ExamAttempt
Question	`belongsTo`	Exam
ExamAttempt	`belongsTo`	User (Siswa)
ExamAttempt	`belongsTo`	Exam
ExamAttempt	`hasMany`	Answer
Answer	`belongsTo`	ExamAttempt
Answer	`belongsTo`	Question

Step 1: Buat Migrations

Tabel Subjects

php artisan make:migration create_subjects_table

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('subjects', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->string('code')->unique();
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            $table->foreignId('teacher_id')->constrained('users')->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->boolean('is_active')->default(true);
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('subjects');
    }
};

Tabel Exams

php artisan make:migration create_exams_table

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('exams', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('title');
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            $table->foreignId('subject_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->integer('duration_minutes')->default(60);
            $table->integer('passing_score')->default(60);
            $table->integer('total_questions')->default(0);
            $table->dateTime('start_time');
            $table->dateTime('end_time');
            $table->enum('status', ['draft', 'published', 'closed'])->default('draft');
            $table->boolean('shuffle_questions')->default(false);
            $table->boolean('show_result')->default(true);
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('exams');
    }
};

Tabel Questions

php artisan make:migration create_questions_table

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('questions', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('exam_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->text('question_text');
            $table->enum('question_type', ['multiple_choice', 'true_false', 'essay'])->default('multiple_choice');
            $table->json('options')->nullable(); // Untuk pilihan ganda
            $table->string('correct_answer');
            $table->integer('points')->default(1);
            $table->integer('order')->default(0);
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('questions');
    }
};

Tabel Exam Attempts

php artisan make:migration create_exam_attempts_table

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('exam_attempts', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('exam_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->foreignId('student_id')->constrained('users')->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->dateTime('started_at');
            $table->dateTime('completed_at')->nullable();
            $table->integer('score')->nullable();
            $table->integer('correct_answers')->default(0);
            $table->integer('total_answered')->default(0);
            $table->enum('status', ['in_progress', 'completed', 'timed_out'])->default('in_progress');
            $table->timestamps();
            
            $table->unique(['exam_id', 'student_id']);
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('exam_attempts');
    }
};

Tabel Answers

php artisan make:migration create_answers_table

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('answers', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('exam_attempt_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->foreignId('question_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->text('answer')->nullable();
            $table->boolean('is_correct')->nullable();
            $table->integer('points_earned')->default(0);
            $table->timestamps();
            
            $table->unique(['exam_attempt_id', 'question_id']);
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('answers');
    }
};

Step 2: Buat Models

Model Subject

php artisan make:model Subject

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;

class Subject extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'name',
        'code',
        'description',
        'teacher_id',
        'is_active',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'is_active' => 'boolean',
    ];

    public function teacher(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'teacher_id');
    }

    public function exams(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Exam::class);
    }
}

Model Exam

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;

class Exam extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'title',
        'description',
        'subject_id',
        'duration_minutes',
        'passing_score',
        'total_questions',
        'start_time',
        'end_time',
        'status',
        'shuffle_questions',
        'show_result',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'start_time' => 'datetime',
        'end_time' => 'datetime',
        'shuffle_questions' => 'boolean',
        'show_result' => 'boolean',
    ];

    public function subject(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Subject::class);
    }

    public function questions(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Question::class);
    }

    public function attempts(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(ExamAttempt::class);
    }

    public function isActive(): bool
    {
        $now = now();
        return $this->status === 'published' 
            && $now->between($this->start_time, $this->end_time);
    }
}

Model Question

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;

class Question extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'exam_id',
        'question_text',
        'question_type',
        'options',
        'correct_answer',
        'points',
        'order',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'options' => 'array',
    ];

    public function exam(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Exam::class);
    }
}

Step 3: Jalankan Migrations

php artisan migrate

Step 4: Buat Seeders

php artisan make:seeder SubjectSeeder

<?php

namespace Database\Seeders;

use App\Models\Subject;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

class SubjectSeeder extends Seeder
{
    public function run(): void
    {
        $teacher = User::first();

        $subjects = [
            ['name' => 'Matematika', 'code' => 'MATH101'],
            ['name' => 'Fisika', 'code' => 'PHYS101'],
            ['name' => 'Bahasa Inggris', 'code' => 'ENG101'],
            ['name' => 'Ilmu Komputer', 'code' => 'CS101'],
        ];

        foreach ($subjects as $subject) {
            Subject::create([
                ...$subject,
                'teacher_id' => $teacher->id,
            ]);
        }
    }
}

Ringkasan

Kita sudah mendesain skema database lengkap dengan:

✅ Mata pelajaran yang dikelola oleh guru
✅ Ujian dengan pengaturan yang bisa dikonfigurasi
✅ Soal dengan berbagai tipe
✅ Percobaan ujian dan jawaban siswa
✅ Relasi dan constraint yang tepat

Selanjutnya

Di Part 4, kita akan mengimplementasikan autentikasi dan role user:

Akses berbasis role (Admin, Guru, Siswa)
Panel Filament terpisah untuk role berbeda
Manajemen permission dengan Spatie

Lanjut ke Part 4: Autentikasi & Role User →